Tuberculosis And Digital Health Thesis, UOM

Introduction to Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) has been a persistent global health challenge for centuries. From its origins as “consumption” to modern-day concerns like multi-drug-resistant TB, this disease continues to impact millions worldwide. Explore its historical evolution, epidemiology, and the advancements in treatment that have shaped modern healthcare approaches.

Historical Background of Tuberculosis

• Ancient History:
  Evidence of TB has been found in Egyptian mummies dating back to 2400–3400 B.C. Ancient texts from Greece and India referred to it as “phthisis” or “yaksa.”
• Middle Ages:
  Known as “King’s Evil” in England, TB was believed to be curable through the “royal touch.”
• 19th Century:
  Robert Koch identified Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 1882, earning a Nobel Prize for his discovery, which marked a turning point in TB diagnostics.

Global Epidemiology of Tuberculosis

• Key Statistics:
  TB remains one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide, with high prevalence in regions like Africa and South Asia.
• Spread Factors:
  Factors include urbanization, industrialization, and global migration, particularly during the 18th and 19th centuries.

Current Trends in Malaysia

• 2024 Statistics:
  Malaysia reports over 20,000 TB cases annually, with states like Sabah and Selangor recording the highest numbers.
• Challenges:
  Issues such as overcrowding, limited healthcare access, and rising drug-resistant TB strains pose significant challenges.

Evolution of TB Treatment

1. Early Approaches:
   • Sanatorium care was the primary treatment before antibiotics.
2. Introduction of Antibiotics:
   • Streptomycin revolutionized TB treatment in the 1940s.
3. Modern Protocols:
   • WHO recommends a six-month treatment regimen, including intensive and maintenance phases.

Answer

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