Tabung Haji Case Study: Quantitative Techniques and Decision Making Assignment 2026

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Quantitative Techniques & Decision Making

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10/10/2026

Tabung Haji Case Study: Quantitative Techniques for Decision Making Assignment (Masters)

Subject	Quantitative Techniques and Decision Making
Study Level	Masters
Case	Lembaga Tabung Haji and the 1448H/2027 Hajj season (31,600 pilgrims)
Structure	Four compulsory questions, 25 marks each
Suggested Length	About 4,500 words
Referencing	APA

Built around Malaysia’s Hajj fund, this assignment asks postgraduate students to show how quantitative tools support real public-sector decisions. Using Tabung Haji’s fixed RM33,300 Hajj cost, the RM234 million HAFIS subsidy for B40 and M40 pilgrims and its long-term airline and hotel contracts, students explain probability-based risk assessment, critical path scheduling with PERT/CPM and PERT/Cost, break-even and cost-benefit evaluation, and ROI and marginal analysis of extra spending.

Case Study: Tabung Haji

Lembaga Tabung Haji (TH) is preparing for the 1448H/2027 Hajj season, with Malaysia receiving an official quota of 31,600 pilgrims. TH has kept the Hajj cost for Muassasah pilgrims at RM33,300 per person for the fourth consecutive year, despite inflation, global economic uncertainty, rising oil prices, higher supply costs and increasing service costs in Saudi Arabia.

To support eligible pilgrims, TH continues to provide targeted Hajj financial assistance (HAFIS), with approximately RM234 million allocated for the 2027 season. B40 pilgrims pay RM15,000, M40 pilgrims pay RM23,500 and T20 pilgrims pay the full Hajj cost of RM33,300. Since HAFIS was introduced in 2001, TH has provided more than RM2.8 billion in financial assistance.

Almost 90% of the total Hajj cost is associated with accommodation, flights and services in Saudi Arabia. To manage these costs, TH uses early planning, strategic negotiations, long-term contracts and risk management, such as five-year contracts with airline service providers and direct negotiations with hotels for better accommodation rates.

Before each season TH must also issue offer letters, verify pilgrims’ eligibility and health requirements, run Hajj preparation courses at more than 200 mosques nationwide, arrange flights and accommodation, coordinate service providers and complete operational preparations on time. TH therefore has to balance affordability, operational efficiency, service quality and long-term financial sustainability.

Source: adapted from The Edge Malaysia (2026), “Tabung Haji: Haj offer letters for 31,600 prospective pilgrims to be issued from Sept 21.”

Instructions

Answer ALL questions based on the Tabung Haji case study.
Support your answers with relevant information from the case and appropriate quantitative analysis concepts.

Question 1: Probability Concepts and Applications (25 marks)

Tabung Haji operates in an environment affected by uncertainties such as inflation, oil prices, service costs, flight costs and operational requirements.

Identify three uncertainties from the case and explain how probability concepts can assist Tabung Haji in assessing and managing these uncertainties. (9 marks)
Differentiate between discrete and continuous probability distributions. Using the case, provide one appropriate example of a variable for each type of distribution and justify your answer. (8 marks)
Explain how probability analysis can assist Tabung Haji in improving forecasting and resource allocation for future Hajj operations. (8 marks)

Question 2: Project Management, PERT/CPM and PERT/Cost (25 marks)

Tabung Haji must coordinate several activities before the Hajj season, including issuing offer letters, verifying pilgrims’ requirements, conducting preparation courses, and arranging flights and accommodation.

Based on the case, identify six major activities involved in Hajj preparation and arrange them in an appropriate sequence. (6 marks)
Explain how PERT/CPM can be applied to identify the critical path and assist Tabung Haji in completing its Hajj preparations within the required timeframe. (10 marks)
If one of the critical activities is expected to be delayed, explain how PERT/Cost can assist Tabung Haji in shortening the project duration while controlling additional costs. (9 marks)

Question 3: Break-Even Analysis and Cost-Benefit Analysis (25 marks)

The Hajj cost is RM33,300 per pilgrim, while eligible B40 and M40 pilgrims receive financial assistance through HAFIS. Approximately RM234 million has been allocated for targeted Hajj financial assistance.

Explain how break-even analysis can assist Tabung Haji in evaluating the relationship between the cost of Hajj operations, the number of pilgrims served and the amount collected from pilgrims. (8 marks)
Using cost-benefit analysis, identify and explain three costs and three benefits associated with providing HAFIS to eligible pilgrims. (9 marks)
Explain how the findings from break-even and cost-benefit analyses could assist Tabung Haji in making decisions regarding future Hajj costs and financial assistance. (8 marks)

Question 4: Return on Investment and Marginal Analysis (25 marks)

Almost 90% of Hajj costs are associated with accommodation, flights and services in Saudi Arabia. Tabung Haji uses strategies such as long-term flight contracts, hotel negotiations and early planning to manage these costs.

Explain how Return on Investment (ROI) can be used to evaluate an operational improvement undertaken by Tabung Haji. Provide one relevant example from the case. (8 marks)
Apply marginal analysis to explain how Tabung Haji could decide whether additional expenditure on accommodation, flights or Hajj services is worthwhile. (8 marks)
Evaluate why Tabung Haji should consider both financial and non-financial benefits when making decisions about additional investment in Hajj operations. Support your answer with examples from the case. (9 marks)

Marking Rubric (Summary)

Question	Excellent (21-25)	Satisfactory (11-15)
Q1 Probability Concepts and Applications	Relevant uncertainties identified, discrete and continuous distributions accurately differentiated with case-based examples, forecasting and resource allocation explained effectively	Basic understanding; explanations general or only partly linked to the case
Q2 PERT/CPM and PERT/Cost	Six relevant activities correctly sequenced; clear explanation of critical path, project completion and how PERT/Cost controls extra cost when crashing	Basic activities identified; weaknesses in sequencing; limited PERT/Cost application
Q3 Break-Even and Cost-Benefit Analysis	Clear link between costs, pilgrims served and amounts collected; three relevant HAFIS costs and benefits; strong decision implications	Some relevant costs and benefits; general links to decision-making
Q4 ROI and Marginal Analysis	Highly relevant ROI example; correct marginal analysis of extra spending; strong evaluation of financial and non-financial benefits	Basic understanding with some examples; general evaluation

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The four questions on the Tabung Haji case reward application, not definitions: probability linked to oil prices and Saudi service costs, a realistic critical path for offer letters, health checks, courses, flights and hotels, a break-even view of subsidised B40 and M40 fees, and an ROI argument for the five-year airline contracts. Our statistics assignment help can guide you through probability distributions, PERT time estimates and crashing costs in a way that fits a Masters marking rubric. You can also compare the GMDS5113 quantitative techniques mid-term assignment or read our business assignment samples.

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